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Table of Contents
July-December 2015
Volume 9 | Issue 18
Page Nos. 87-163
Online since Tuesday, August 4, 2015
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REVIEW ARTICLES
Herbal extracts in oral health care - A review of the current scenario and its future needs
p. 87
Byalakere Rudraiah Chandra Shekar, Ramesh Nagarajappa, Shankarappa Suma, Rupesh Thakur
DOI
:10.4103/0973-7847.162101
PMID
:26392704
Background:
Oral diseases are among the major public health problems and the commonest of chronic diseases that affect mankind. The application of natural products for the control of oral diseases is considered as an interesting alternative to synthetic antimicrobials due to their lower negative impact, and for the effort to overcome primary or secondary resistance to the drug during therapy.
Objective:
To review the current evidence on the antimicrobial efficacy of 10 plant extracts on dental caries and plaque microorganisms.
Materials and Methods:
A comprehensive literature search was made by one of the authors for 2 months in PubMed, PubMed Central, MEDLINE, LILACS/BBO, Cochrane database of systematic reviews, SCIENCE DIRECT, and Google scholar databases. The results from the relevant published literatures are discussed.
Summary and Conclusion:
The extracts of
Azadirachta Indica, Ocimum sanctum, Murraya koenigii
L.,
Acacia nilotica
,
Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Mangifera indica,
Psidium guajava, Rosa indica, and
Aloe barbadensis
Miller have all been found to inhibit certain dental caries and periodontal pathogens. The current evidence is on individual plant extracts against bacteria involved in either caries or periodontitis. "Herbal shotgun" or "synergistic multitarget effects" are the terms used for the strategy of combining different extracts. The research assessing the antimicrobial efficacy of a combination of these plant extracts against dental caries and periodontal pathogens is the need of the hour, and such research will aid in the development of a novel, innovative method that can simultaneously inhibit two of the most common dental diseases of mankind, besides slowing the development of drug resistance.
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An updated review of
Terminalia catappa
p. 93
Arumugam Vijaya Anand, Natarajan Divya, Pannerselvam Punniya Kotti
DOI
:10.4103/0973-7847.162103
PMID
:26392705
Terminalia catappa
Linn. is known for its nutritional fruit and possesses medicinal benefits as well. This is a comprehensive review of the phytoconstituents and pharmacological benefits.
T. catappa
has been recognized for its medicinally essential phytoconstituents, such as phenol, flavonoid, and carotenoid. Numerous pharmacological investigations have confirmed this plant's ability to exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anticancer activities, all of which support its traditional uses.
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"Ziziphus jujuba
": A red fruit with promising anticancer activities
p. 99
Zoya Tahergorabi, Mohammad Reza Abedini, Moodi Mitra, Mohammad Hassanpour Fard, Hossein Beydokhti
DOI
:10.4103/0973-7847.162108
PMID
:26392706
Ziziphus jujuba
Mill. (
Z. jujuba
) is a traditional herb with a long history of use for nutrition and the treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases. It grows mostly in South and East Asia, as well as in Australia and Europe. Mounting evidence shows the health benefits of
Z. jujuba
, including anticancer, anti-inflammation, antiobesity, antioxidant, and hepato- and gastrointestinal protective properties, which are due to its bioactive compounds. Chemotherapy, such as with
cis
-diamminedichloroplatinium (CDDP, cisplatin) and its derivatives, is widely used in cancer treatment. It is an effective treatment for human cancers, including ovarian cancer; however, drug resistance is a major obstacle to successful treatment. A better understanding of the mechanisms and strategies for overcoming chemoresistance can greatly improve therapeutic outcomes for patients. In this review article, the bioactive compounds present in
Z. jujuba
are explained. The high prevalence of many different cancers worldwide has recently attracted the attention of many researchers. This is why our research group focused on studying the anticancer activity of
Z. jujuba
as well as its impact on chemoresistance both
in vivo
and
in vitro
. We hope that these studies can lead to a promising future for cancer patients.
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Cadamba
: A miraculous tree having enormous pharmacological implications
p. 107
Alka Dwevedi, Kuldeep Sharma, Yogesh K Sharma
DOI
:10.4103/0973-7847.162110
PMID
:26392707
The
Cadamba
is one of the important medicinal plants belonging to the
Rubiaceae
family. It is crucially significant as it has the largest number of phytochemicals and secondary metabolites (
viz
., cadambagenic acid, cadamine, quinovic acid, β-sitosterol, cadambine, etc.) having pharmacological and biological properties. It can be used as an alternative to various synthetic chemical compounds in the prevention as well as the treatment of several incurable diseases. More than 100 years of research has been done to discover various phytochemicals and their implications. Very few of them, i.e. ≤2% have been commercialized due to the lack of a suitable model system as well as various associated controversial issues. The solubility of phytochemicals is another major concern: Further response that will be generated due to the solvent used is also unpredictable. Moreover, the
Cadamba
is one of the ornamental plants with religious significance. Here we have made an effort to summarize all the phytochemicals and their significance to render the interest that would help in their commercialization.
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Ethnopharmacological, chemical, and pharmacological aspects of
Halenia elliptica
: A comprehensive review
p. 114
Zhifeng Zhang, Qilong Bian, Pei Luo, Wenxia Sun
DOI
:10.4103/0973-7847.162114
PMID
:26392708
Traditional Tibetan medicine (TTM) is an old traditional medical system, which is an effective and natural method of improving physical and mental health, and has been widely spread in the western part of China for centuries.
Halenia elliptica (H. elliptica
) D. Don, known as "Jiadiranguo" (Tibetan medicine name) is one of the most important herbal medicine in TTM that is from the genus
Halenia
(family: Gentianaceae). The whole herb can be used as a medicine to treat hepatobiliary diseases and xeransis, and possesses many biological and pharmacological activities including heat clearing, bile benefiting, liver soothing, digestion promoting, blood nursing, detoxification activities, and so on. In modern research,
H. elliptica
can be used to treat acute or chronic hepatitis, especially hepatitis B. In addition, the chemical compounds of the herb have potent antihepatitis B virus (anti-HBV) activity
in vitro
. As an important TTM, further studies on
H. elliptica
can lead to the development of new drugs and therapeutics for various diseases, and more attention should be paid on the aspects of how to utilize it better.
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Aloe vera
: Potential candidate in health management via modulation of biological activities
p. 120
Arshad H Rahmani, Yousef H Aldebasi, Sauda Srikar, Amjad A Khan, Salah M Aly
DOI
:10.4103/0973-7847.162118
PMID
:26392709
Treatment based on natural products is rapidly increasing worldwide due to the affordability and fewer side effects of such treatment. Various plants and the products derived from them are commonly used in primary health treatment, and they play a pivotal role in the treatment of diseases via modulation of biochemical and molecular pathways.
Aloe vera
, a succulent species, produces gel and latex, plays a therapeutic role in health management through antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities, and also offers a suitable alternative approach for the treatment of various types of diseases. In this review, we summarize the possible mechanism of action and the therapeutic implications of
Aloe vera
in health maintenance based on its modulation of various biological activities.
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PLANT REVIEWS
A review on plant
Cordia obliqua
Willd. (Clammy cherry)
p. 127
Richa Gupta, Ghanshyam Das Gupta
DOI
:10.4103/0973-7847.162124
PMID
:26392710
Cordia obliqua
Willd. plant (Common name-Clammy Cherry) belongs to family Boraginaceae. It is a medium-sized deciduous tree and very vigorous in growth. According to traditional system, it possesses anthelmintic, purgative, diuretic, expectorant, antipyretic, hepatoprotective and analgesic action. The fruits are edible and used as pickle. The gum obtained from mucilage is used for pasting sheets of paper and as matrix forming material in tablet formulations. Phytochemical investigations show the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins and reducing sugar. Evaluation of pharmacological activities confirmed
C. obliqua
plant as antimicrobial, hypotensive, respiratory stimulant, diuretic and anti-inflammatory drug. A number of traditional activities of this plant still need scientific approval which will increase its medicinal potential. This review presents the Pharmacognostic properties, phytochemical constituents, traditional uses and biological activities reported for the plant and it will be helpful to explore the knowledge about
Cordia obliqua
Willd. for the researchers.
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The aphrodisiac herb
Carpolobia
: A biopharmacological and phytochemical review
p. 132
Lucky Lebgosi Nwidu, Paul Alozie Nwafor, Wagner Vilegas
DOI
:10.4103/0973-7847.162128
PMID
:26392711
Any agent with the ability to provoke sexual desire in an individual is referred to as an aphrodisiac. Aphrodisiac plants are used in the management of erectile dysfunction (ED) in men. One such plant popular in West and Central Africa among the Pygmies of Cameroon, Ipassa of Garbon, and the Yoruba, Ibo, Efik and Ijaw peoples of Nigeria is
Carpolobia
. It is an accepted and commonly utilized herbal booster of libido. It is used to cure male infertility and to boosts libido thereby augmenting male sexual functions or it is used to induce penile erection, and enhance male virility. The chewing stick prepared from the stem and root of either
Carpolobia alba
(CA) or
Carpolobia lutea
(CL) is patronized because it boosts male sexual performance. The genus
Carpolobia
has over 14 species. The leaf essential oil contains a variety of terpenoids, while polyphenols and triterpenoid saponins have been isolated from the root and leaf extracts respectively. Other ethnomedicinal uses include curing of stomach ailments, rheumatism, fever, pains, insanity, dermal infection, venereal diseases; to promote child birth; and as a taeniafuge and vermifuge. In spite of its popularity, no scientific data reviewing the biopharmacological and phytochemical activities of
Carpolobia
exist to our knowledge. The aim of this work is to collate all available published scientific reports in the literature on
Carpolobia
in a review paper. In this review, an overview of the morphology, taxonomy, ethnomedicinal claims, geographical distribution, and structurally elucidated compounds that are secondary metabolites isolated and characterized from
Carpolobia
species is established. The pharmacological assays, phytochemical screenings, and toxicological reports are also reviewed.
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Rethinking
Ginkgo biloba
L.: Medicinal uses and conservation
p. 140
Tasiu Isah
DOI
:10.4103/0973-7847.162137
PMID
:26392712
Ginkgo biloba
(
G. biloba
) is an ancient medicinal tree species that has been in existence for millennia without undergoing modifications due to its resistance to environmental stresses. Palaeobotanical history showed a wide distribution of the species across the globe but declined over geological time, becoming restricted to narrow geographical range with few surviving individuals in the modern day. The tree is slow growing, adapted to many ecological conditions and shows numerous adaptation in developmental patterns. Medicinal use of the species is attracting research interest, especially the various parts of the tree that are used in orthodox or traditional medicine to treat diseases due to the many bioactive compounds. The primary compounds receiving increasing research interest are the triterpene lactones and flavonoids; these are the target of biotechnological strategies being employed to enhance production. Many genetic and environmental factors have contributed to the endangered status of the species; conservation measures are required to protect it from extinction. In many countries, the cultivation of plantations for the supply of ginkgo leaf-based pharmaceutical formulations is in progress, and efforts to standardize ginkgo leaf extract as herbal medication for human use are being made. Microcuttings and cuttings, cryopreservation, and plant tissue culture have all aided to conserve
G. biloba
.
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Ethnomedicinal review of Usnakantaka (
Echinops echinatus
Roxb.)
p. 149
Santosh Kumar Maurya, Ashwini Kumar Kushwaha, Ankit Set
DOI
:10.4103/0973-7847.162138
PMID
:26392713
Echinops echinatus
Roxb. (
E. echinatus
), commonly known as "Usnakantaka," is a xerophytic herbaceous plant traditionally used as a stimulant to treat use the term Sexual debility in Indian traditional systems of medicine. The roots, leaves, fruit, and bark are extensively used in folk medicine as well as in Ayurveda. Also, the plant shows a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antifungal, analgesic, diuretic, reproductive, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, antipyretic, and antibacterial properties. Among the several active constituents, apigenin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, echinaticin, 5,7-dihydroxy-8,4'-dimethoxy-flavanone-5-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O - β-D-arabinopyranosyl-(1;4)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside are the most important in terms of reported pharmacological activities. The current review focuses on the updated information from various scientific studies and reports available in the context of the phytoconstituents and pharmacology of this plant. This review also provides adequate information about the use of this plant in an Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda.
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METHODS IN PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY
Veterinary herbal medicines in India
p. 155
Shruti Rastogi, Manoj Kumar Pandey, Jai Prakash, Alok Sharma, Gyanendra Nath Singh
DOI
:10.4103/0973-7847.162140
PMID
:26392714
India has a rich and diversified flora. It is seen that synthetic drugs could pose serious problems, are toxic and costly. In contrast to this, herbal medicines are relatively nontoxic, cheaper and are eco-friendly. Moreover, the people have used them for generations. They have also been used in day-to-day problems of healthcare in animals. 25% of the drugs prescribed worldwide come from plants. Almost 75% of the medicinal plants grow naturally in different states of India. These plants are known to cure many ailments in animals like poisoning, cough, constipation, foot and mouth disease, dermatitis, cataract, burning, pneumonia, bone fractures, snake bites, abdominal pains, skin diseases etc. There is scarce review of such information (veterinary herbals) in the literature. The electronic and manual search was made using various key words such as veterinary herbal, ethno-veterinary medicines etc. and the content systematically arranged. This article deals with the comprehensive review of 45 medicinal plant species that are official in Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) 2014. The botanical names, family, habitat, plant part used and pharmacological actions, status in British Pharmacopoeia 2014, USP 36 are mentioned. Also, a relationship between animal and human dose, standardization and regulatory aspects of these selected veterinary herbals are provided.
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