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| REVIEW ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2010 | Volume
: 4
| Issue : 7 | Page : 42-48 |
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Mangifera Indica (Mango)
KA Shah, MB Patel, RJ Patel, PK Parmar
Department of Pharmacognosy, K. B. Raval College of Pharmacy, Shertha - 382 324, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| Date of Submission | 18-Jan-2010 |
| Date of Decision | 06-Feb-2010 |
| Date of Web Publication | 10-Jul-2010 |
Correspondence Address:
K A Shah
Department of Pharmacognosy, K. B. Raval College of Pharmacy, Shertha - 382 324, Gandhinagar, Gujarat
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.65325
Mangifera indica, commonly used herb in ayurvedic medicine. Although review articles on this plant are already published, but this review article is presented to compile all the updated information on its phytochemical and pharmacological activities, which were performed widely by different methods. Studies indicate mango possesses antidiabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, cardiotonic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory properties. Various effects like antibacterial, anti fungal, anthelmintic, anti parasitic, anti tumor, anti HIV, antibone resorption, antispasmodic, antipyretic, antidiarrhoeal, antiallergic, immunomodulation, hypolipidemic, anti microbial, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective have also been studied. These studies are very encouraging and indicate this herb should be studied more extensively to confirm these results and reveal other potential therapeutic effects. Clinical trials using mango for a variety of conditions should also be conducted. Keywords: Mangifera indica , mangiferin, pharmacological activities, phytochemistry
How to cite this article:
Shah K A, Patel M B, Patel R J, Parmar P K. Mangifera Indica (Mango). Phcog Rev 2010;4:42-8 |
| Introduction | |  |
Mangifera indica (MI), also known as mango, aam, it has been an important herb in the Ayurvedic and indigenous medical systems for over 4000 years. Mangoes belong to genus Mangifera which consists of about 30 species of tropical fruiting trees in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. According to ayurveda, varied medicinal properties are attributed to different parts of mango tree.
Mango is one of the most popular of all tropical fruits. Mangiferin, being a polyphenolic antioxidant and a glucosyl xanthone, it has strong antioxidant, anti lipid peroxidation, immunomodulation, cardiotonic, hypotensive, wound healing, antidegenerative and antidiabetic activities.
Various parts of plant are used as a dentrifrice, antiseptic, astringent, diaphoretic, stomachic, vermifuge, tonic, laxative and diuretic and to treat diarrhea, dysentery, anaemia, asthma, bronchitis, cough, hypertension, insomnia, rheumatism, toothache, leucorrhoea, haemorrhage and piles. All parts are used to treat abscesses, broken horn, rabid dog or jackal bite, tumour, snakebite, stings, datura poisoning, heat stroke, miscarriage, anthrax, blisters, wounds in the mouth, tympanitis, colic, diarrhea, glossitis, indigestion, bacillosis, bloody dysentery, liver disorders, excessive urination, tetanus and asthma.
Ripe mango fruit is considered to be invigorating and freshening. The juice is restorative tonic and used in heat stroke. The seeds are used in asthma and as an astringent. Fumes from the burning leaves are inhaled for relief from hiccups and affections of the throat. The bark is astringent, it is used in diphtheria and rheumatism, and it is believed to possess a tonic action on mucus membrane. The gum is used in dressings for cracked feet and for scabies. It is also considered anti-syphilitic. The kernels are converted into flour after soaking in water and eliminating the astringent principles. Most parts of the tree are used medicinally and the bark also contains tannins, which are used for the purpose of dyeing.
| Taxonomical Classification | | |
Kingdom : Plantae
Class : Mangoliopsida
Phylum : Mangoliophyta
Order : Sapindales
Family : Anacardiaceae
Genus : Mangifera
Species : Indica
Species of mango:
Mangifera altissima Mangifera persiciformis
Mangifera caesia Mangifera camptosperma
Mangifera casturi Mangifera decandra
Mangifera foetida Mangifera indica
Mangifera griffithii Mangifera laurina
Mangifera kemanga Mangifera macrocarpa
Mangifera longipes Mangifera odorata
Mangifera mekongensis Mangifera quadrifida
Mangifera pajang Mangifera similis
Mangifera siamensis Mangifera sylvactia
Mangifera torquenda Mangifera zeylanica
Mangifera applanata Mangifera swintonioides
Botanical description
MI is a large evergreen tree in the anacardiaceae family that grows to a height of 10-45 m, dome shaped with dense foliage, typically heavy branched from a stout trunk. The leaves are spirally arranged on branches, linear-oblong, lanceolate - elliptical, pointed at both ends, the leaf blades mostly about 25-cm long and 8-cm wide, sometimes much larger, reddish and thinly flaccid when first formed and release an aromatic odour when crushed. The inflorescence occurs in panicles consisting of about 3000 tiny whitish-red or yellowish - green flowers. The fruit is a well known large drupe, but shows a great variation in shape and size. It contains a thick yellow pulp, single seed and thick yellowish - red skin when ripe. The seed is solitary, ovoid or oblong, encased in a hard, compressed fibrous endocarp.
Habitat
It is native tropical Asia and has been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent for over 4000 years and is now found naturalized in most tropical countries.
Parts used: Roots, bark, leaves, fruits, seeds, flowers and kernels are used.
Synonyms
Sanskrit: Ambrah; Madhuulii; Madhuula; Madhuulaka; English: Mango; Hindi: Aam; French: mangot; mangue; manguier; Portuguese: manga; mangueira; Dutch: manja; Tamil: Ambiram; Mambazham; Mambalam; Mangai; Punjabi: Amb; Wawashi; Gujarati: Ambo, Keri; Marvo (unripe); Kashmiri: Amb; Malayalam: Amram; Choothaphalam; Manga; Manpalam; Mavu; Marathi: Amchur; Amba
| Phytochemistry | | |
Chemical constituents of MI are always of an interest. The different chemical constituents of the plant, especially the polyphenolics, flavonoids, triterpenoids. Mangiferin a xanthone glycoside major bio-active constituent, isomangiferin, tannins & gallic acid derivatives. The bark is reported to contain protocatechic acid, catechin, mangiferin [Figure 1], alanine, glycine, γ-aminobutyric acid, kinic acid, shikimic acid and the tetracyclic triterpenoids cycloart-24-en-3β,26diol, 3-ketodammar-24 (E )-en-20S,26-diol, C-24 epimers of cycloart-25 en 3β, 24, 27-triol and cycloartan-3β, 24, 27-triol.[1]
Indicoside A and B, manghopanal, mangoleanone, friedelin, cycloartan-3β-30-diol and derivatives, mangsterol, manglupenone, mangocoumarin, n-tetacosane, n-heneicosane, n-triacontane and mangiferolic acid methyl ester and others isolated from stem bark of MI. [2] Mangostin, 29-hydroxy mangiferonic acid and mangiferin have been isolated from the stem bark together with common flavonoids. [3] The flower yielded alkyl gallates such as gallic acid, ethyl gallate, methyl gallate, n-propyl gallate, n-pentyl gallate, n-octyl gallate, 4-phenyl gallate, 6-phenyl-n-hexyl gallate and dihydrogallic acid. [4] Root of mango contains the chromones, 3-hydroxy-2-(4'-methylbenzoyl)-chromone and 3-methoxy-2-(4'-methyl benzoyl)-chromone. The leaf and flower yield an essential oil containing humulene, elemene, ocimene, linalool, nerol and many others. The fruit pulp contains vitamins A and C, β-carotene and xanthophylls.[5] An unusual fatty acid, cis-9, cis-15-octadecadienoic acid was isolated from the pulp lipids of mango. [6] Phenolic Antioxidants, Free Sugars and Polyols isolated and analyzed from Mango (MI) Stem Bark. All structures were elucidated by ES-MS and NMR spectroscopic methods. Quantitative analysis of the compounds has been performed by HPLC, and mangiferin was found to be the predominant component. [7]
Polyphenols have been characterized in mango puree concentrate by HPLC with diode array and mass spectrometric detection. [8] A rapid method was developed for quantitative determination of beta-carotene, including cis-isomers, in dried mango. [9] HPLC method was developed to determine carotenoids in Taiwanese mango. [10] 5-Alkyl- and 5-alkenylresorcinols, as well as their hydroxylated derivatives, extracted from mango (MI) peels, purified on polyamide and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/APcI-MS) for the first time. [11] Xanthophyll esters, carotenes, and tocopherols has been identified and quantified in the fruit of seven mexican mango cultivars by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry [LC-(APcI (+))-MS]. [12] A simple, precise, and rapid HPTLC method was established for quantitative determination of the bioactive marker compound mangiferin in the stem bark & leaves of MI. The method was validated for selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. [13] The natural C-glucoside xanthone mangiferin [2-C-β-Dgluco-pyranosyl-1, 3, 6, 7-tetrahydroxyxanthone; C19 H 18 O 11 ; Mw, 422.35; melting point, anhydrous 271C [14] has been reported in various parts of MI leaves, [15] fruits, stem bark, heartwood and roots. The presence of a phenolic compound from leaves of MI which was named as homomangifirin. [16]
Pharmacology
Although a lot of pharmacological investigations have been carried out based on the ingredients present but a lot more can still be explored, exploited and utilized. A summary of the findings of these studies is presented below.
Anti-oxidant
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) possess a strong oxidizing effect and induce damage to biological molecules, including proteins, lipids and DNA, with concomitant changes in their structure and function. [17] The major nutritional antioxidants, vitamin E, vitamin C and β-carotene, may be beneficial to prevent several chronic disorders[18] considerable interest has arisen in the possible reinforcement of antioxidant defenses, both for chemoprevention and treatment purposes. [19] The extract showed a powerful scavenging activity of hydroxy radicals and acted as a chelator of iron. It also showed a significant inhibitory effect on the peroxidation of rat brain phospholipid and prevented DNA damage caused by bleomycin or copper-phenenthroline systems [20] The interaction of Vimang (MI extract) with Fe (III) was studied and the results justify the high efficiency of Vimang as an agent protecting from iron-induced oxidative damage. [21] The work has been carried out to investigate the pulp composition of four mango cultivars (Haden, Tommy Atkins and Ubα) at the ripening stage in relation to three components with antioxidant potential (total phenolics, carotenoids and ascorbic acid). These results corroborated previous information that mangoes are a good source of antioxidants in human diet. [22] In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of a stem bark aqueous extract of mango tree (MI), whose formulations are used in Cuba as food supplements under the brand name of Vimang, Luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence was used to elucidate the effect of this extract on the generation of reactive oxygen species in PMA- or zymosan-stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and on superoxide radicals generated in the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase reaction. Part of this MI extract antioxidant activity could be ascribed to the presence of mangiferin as its main component. [23] The iron-complexing ability of Vimang as a primary mechanism for protection of rat liver mitochondria against Fe 2+ -citrate-induced lipoperoxidation was reported. The results are of pharmacological relevance since Vimang could be a potential candidate for antioxidant therapy in diseases related to abnormal intracellular iron distribution or iron overload. [24] The protective abilities of MI stem bark extract (Vimang) 50-250 mgkg(-1), mangiferin 50 mgkg(-1) and selected antioxidants (vitamin C 100 mgkg(-1), vitamin E 100 mgkg(-1)and beta -carotene 50 mgkg(-1)) against the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced oxidative damage in serum, liver, brain as well as in the hyper-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by peritoneal macrophages was compared. [25]
Anti-diabetic
A 50% ethanolic extract of the leaves of MI produced a significant hypoglycemic effect at a dose of 250 mg/kg, both in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals. The stimulation of β-cells to release insulin was thought to be part of the mechanism of action.[26] The effect of the aqueous extract of the leaves of MI on blood glucose level in normoglycaemic, glucose - induced hyperglycaemic and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats has been assessed. The results indicate that the aqueous extract of the leaves of MI possess hypoglycaemic activity. This action may be due to an intestinal reduction of the absorption of glucose. [27] The leaves of MI used for antidiabetic properties using normoglycaemic, glucose-induced hyperglycaemia and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice. The aqueous extract of the leaves of MI possess hypoglycaemic activity. [28] The effect of mango (MI) ingestion on blood glucose levels of normal and diabetic rats has been studied. The results from this research suggest that mango flour can possibly help in the treatment of diabetes. [29] The stem-bark of aqueous extract of MI was used to examine the antiinflammatory, analgesic and antidiabetic properties. The different chemical constituents of the plant, especially the polyphenolics, flavonoids, triterpenoids, mangiferin, and other chemical compounds present in the plant may be involved in the observed antiinflammatory, analgesic, and hypoglycemic effects of the plant's extract. The results of this experimental animal study lend pharmacological credence to the suggested folkloric uses of the plant in the management and control of painful, arthritic and other inflammatory conditions, as well as in the management of adult-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus in some rural African communities. [30] Investigations were carried out to evaluate the effect of MI on glucose absorption using a rat intestinal preparation in situ. The ethanol extracts of stem-barks reduced glucose absorption gradually during the whole perfusion period in type 2 rats. [31] In glucose-loaded normal rats, mangiferin induces a significant improvement in oral glucose tolerance but without alteration of basal plasma glucose levels [32] these studies show that mangiferin (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) exhibits potent antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antiatherogenic and antioxidant properties without causing hypoglycaemia; mangiferin would then offer a greater therapeutic benefit for the management of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications associated with abnormalities in lipid profiles. It has been reported that long standing hyperglycaemia with diabetes mellitus leads to the formation of advanced glycosylated end-products which are involved in the generation of ROS, leading to oxidative damage, particularly to heart and kidney. [33]
Antiviral activity
In vitro the effect of mangiferin was studied against Herpes simplex virus type 2; mangiferin does not directly inactivate HSV-2 but inhibits the late event in HSV-2 replication. [34] In vitro mangiferin was also able to inhibit HSV-1 virus replication within cells [35] and to antagonize the cytopathic effects of HIV. [36]
Anthelmintic and anti-allergenic activity
Anthelminthic and antiallergic activities of MI stem bark components Vimang and mangiferin was investigated in mice experimentally infected with nematodes, Trichinella spiralis.[37] The study was carried out to find out anti-allergic properties of vimang and mangiferin, a C-glucosylxanthone isolated from extract of MI. The results constitute the anti-allergic properties of Vimang on allergic models, as well as suggesting that this natural extract could be successfully used in the treatment of allergic disorders. Mangiferin, the major compound of Vimang, contributes to the anti-allergic effects of the extract. [38]
Antiparasitic activity
In a neonatal mouse model, mangiferin at 100 mg/kg has a similar inhibitory activity on Cryptosporidium parvum than the same dose (100 mg/kg) of an active drug, paromomycin. [39]
Antibone resorption
Four water extracts of Kampo formulae were screened for their inhibitory effect on bone resorption induced by parathyroid hormone in organ culture of neonatal mouse parietal bones. Mangiferin isolated and tested in vitro showed a significant inhibitory effect on this model. [40]
Anti-tumor-anti-HIV
The significant cytotoxic activities has been demonstrated by the stem bark extract of mango against the breast cancer cell lines MCF 7, MDA-MB-435 and MDA-N, as well as against a colon cancer cell line (SW-620) and a renal cancer cell line (786-0). [41] The ethanol/water (1:1) extract of dried aerial parts of mango administered intraperitoneally to mice at a dose of 250.0 mg/kg was inactive on Leuk-P388. [42] In vitro, mangiferin dose- and time-dependently inhibited the proliferation of K562 leukemia cells and induced apoptosis in K563 cells line, probably through down-regulation of bcr/abl gene expression. [43] These results suggest that mangiferin has a potential as a naturally-occurring chemopreventive agent. [44]
Antispasmodic and antipyretic activity
The stem bark extract of MI was evaluated for antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis. The extract was also screened for antipyretic activity in mice. The extract exhibited a schizontocidal effect during early infection, and also demonstrated repository activity. A reduction in yeast-induced hyperpyrexia was also produced by the extract. [45] The in vitro antimalarial activity of chloroform: methanol (1:1) extract of MI was evaluated. The extract showed a good activity on P. falciparum in vitro with a growth inhibition of 50.4% at 20 μg/mL.[46]
Immunomodulatory
Immunomodulatory activity of alcoholic extract of stem bark of MI was investigated in mice. It is concluded that test extract is a promising drug with immunostimulant properties. Mangiferin mediates the down-regulation of NF-κB, suppresses NF-κB activation induced by inflammatory agents, including tumor nuclear factor (TNF), increases the intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels and potentiates chemotherapeutic agent-mediated cell death; this suggests a possible role in combination therapy for cancer. [47] It is likely that these effects are mediated through mangiferin ROS quenching and GSH rising; increased intracellular (GSH) levels are indeed known to inhibit the TNF-induced activation of NF-κB.[48]
Anti-diarrhoeal
The potential anti-diarrhoeal activity of methanolic (MMI) and aqueous (AMI) extracts of seeds of MI has been evaluated in experimental diarrhoea, induced by castor oil and magnesium sulphate in mice. The results illustrate that the extracts of MI have significant anti-diarrhoeal activity and part of the activity of MMI may be attributed to its effect on intestinal transit. [49]
Anti-inflammatory
An ethanolic (95%) extract of the seed kernel of MI exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute, subacute and chronic cases of inflammation. The MI leaf extract exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus albus and Vibrio cholerae. [50] Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of MI extract (Vimang) has studied. The polyphenols found in the extract were found to account for the activity reported [51] In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of MI extracts (VIMANG) was investigated. MI extract, administered topically (0.5-2 mg per ear), reduced ear edema induced by arachidonic acid (AA) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA, ED50 = 1.1 mg per ear) in mice. The results represent an important contribution to the elucidation of the mechanism involved in the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects reported by the standard MI extract VIMANG. [52]
Anti-bacterial and antifungal activity
In an in vitro agar diffusion technique, mangiferin showed activity against 7 bacterial species, Bacillus pumilus, B. cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, S. citreus, Escherichia More Details coli, Salmonella More Details agona, Klebsiella pneumoniae, 1 yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and 4 fungi (Thermoascus aurantiacus, Trichoderma reesei, Aspergillus flavus and A. fumigatus). [53]
Anti-microbial
The antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts of P. guajava and MI have been investigated. The results show that P. guajava and MI extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities at a concentration of 20 mg/ml. Overall, P. guajava extract show more antimicrobial activity than MI extract against tested organisms. [54]
Hepatoprotective
Chemopreventive properties of lupeol and mango pulp extract (MPE) was evaluated against 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA) induced alteration in liver of Swiss albino mice. Lupeol/MPE was found to be effective in combating oxidative stress induced cellular injury of mouse liver by modulating cell-growth regulators. [55]
Gastroprotective
A novel gastroprotective agent, mangiferin, a naturally occurring glucosylxanthone from MI (Anacardiaceae), was evaluated in mice on gastric injury induced by ethanol and indomethacin. The effects of mangiferin on gastric mucosal damage were assessed by determination of changes in mean gastric lesion area or ulcer score in mice and on gastric secretory volume and total acidity in 4-h pylorus-ligated rats. These findings provide evidence that mangiferin affords gastroprotection against gastric injury induced by ethanol and indomethacin most possibly through the antisecretory and antioxidant mechanisms of action. [56]
Other activity
Ethanolic extracts of Punica granatum, MI, Boerhaavia diffusa, Embelia ribes, Phyllanthus maderaspatensis, and Withania somnifera, has been tested for their effect on α-amylase activity (in vitro). P. granatum and MI were found to exhibit interesting α-amylase inhibitory activity.[57] The ethanolic extracts of Lawsonia inermis leaves, Holarrhena antidysenterica bark, Swertia chirata whole plant and MI bark was tested for in-vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. MI extract was found to be the most potent, with an IC50 value of 314 μg/ml.[58] The effects of the MI (Vimang) extract, and mangiferin (a C-glucosylxanthone of Vimang) on the inducible isoforms of cyclooxygenase (cyclooxygenase-2) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and on vasoconstrictor responses in vascular smooth muscle cells and mesenteric resistance arteries, has investigated respectively, from Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats. They concluded that, the antiinflammatory action of Vimang would be related with the inhibition of iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 expression, but not with its effect on vasoconstrictor responses. [59] The activity of the MI leaf extracts against Clostridium tetani, has been investigated which causes many deaths around the world. Ether and ethanolic leaf extracts were obtained by sequential extractions. The chemical tests showed that the ether extract had saponins, steroids and triterpenoids, while the ethanol extract had alkaloids, anthracenosides, coumarins, flavonones, reducing sugars, catechol and gallic tannins, saponins, steroids and triterpenoids. Both the ethereal and ethanolic fractions showed anti-clostridium tetani activity with an MIC of 6.25 and 12.5 mg ml−1, respectively. [60] The cytotoxic effects of Vimang on rat hepatocytes, possible interactions of the extract with drug-metabolizing enzymes and its effects on GSH levels and lipid peroxidation was studied. The effect of the extract (50-400 μg/mL) on several P450 isozymes was evaluated. A 36-h pre-treatment of cells with Vimang (25-200 μg/mL) strongly inhibited the decrease of GSH levels and lipid peroxidation induced by t-butyl-hydroperoxide dose- and time-dependently.[61]
| Conclusion | | |
The extensive survey of literature revealed that MI is an important source of many pharmacologically and medicinally important chemicals such as mangiferin, mangiferonic acid [Figure 2], hydroxymangiferin, polyphenols and carotenes. Many different pharmacological activities, antioxidant, radioprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, lipolytic, antibone resorption, monoamine oxidase-inhibiting, antimicrobial and antiparasitic, have been reported for mangiferin. All these studies indicate that a wide part of activities acknowledged to preparation based on MI bark could be attributed to this C-glucosyl-xanthone (mangiferin). Based on the knowledge of the many properties of mangiferin, phytomedicines should be adequately standardized regarding this active compound. MI has been used successfully in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries, more clinical trials should be conducted to support its therapeutic use.
| Summary | | |
Mangifera indica (MI), also known as mango, aam, it has been an important herb in the Ayurvedic and indigenous medical systems for over 4000 years. Mangoes belong to genus Mangifera which consists of about 30 species of tropical fruiting trees in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. According to ayurveda, varied medicinal properties are attributed to different parts of mango tree. Mango possesses antidiabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, cardiotonic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory properties. Various effects like antibacterial, anti fungal, anthelmintic, anti parasitic, anti tumor, anti HIV, antibone resorption, antispasmodic, antipyretic, antidiarrhoeal, antiallergic, immunomodulation, hypolipidemic, anti microbial, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective have also been studied. Pharmacologically and medicinally important chemical such as mangiferin, being a polyphenolic antioxidant and a glucosyl xanthone, it has strong antioxidant, anti lipid peroxidation, immunomodulation, cardiotonic, hypotensive, wound healing, antidegenerative and antidiabetic activities.
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